Week 1 Social Perceptions and Misperceptions
- Week 1: Social Perceptions and Misperceptions
- Lecture 1.1: Introduction and Welcome (Watch First, 8:32)
- Lecture 1.2: Course Logistics: Some Rules of the Road (11:56)
- Lecture 1.3: Tour of Social Psych Network and Invitation to Join (11:31)
- Lecture 1.4: The Psychological Construction of Reality (12:39)
- Lecture 1.5: Confirmation Bias (8:48)
- Lecture 1.6: Self-Fulfilling Prophecies (11:51)
- Lecture 1.7: Social Judgments in the Blink of an Eye (12:53)
- Lecture 1.8: What Other People Think of You (10:59)
Social Psychology by Scott Plous
https://class.coursera.org/socialpsychology-002/wiki/view?page=lecturesreadings1
Week 1: Social Perceptions and Misperceptions
社会认知和误解
Lecture 1.1: Introduction and Welcome (Watch First, 8:32)
介绍这门课。
Hindsight bias 后视偏差
HindSight bias, or the "I knew-it-all-along effect," is the tendency to exaggerate, after learning an outcome, one's ability to have foreseen the outcome.
后视偏差，也叫“我早就知道嘛”效应，指人们的认识有这样一种趋势，在知道了事情的结果后，事情理解起来似乎更容易了。
Lecture 1.2: Course Logistics: Some Rules of the Road (11:56)
课程的一些规则，还有奖励之类的。
Social psychology != clinical psychology
社会心理学不同于临床心理学，临床心理学是更偏重于理解、预防，以及治疗精神疾病和其他临床问题的心理学分支。
Social Psychology can help improve:
- Self-understanding
- Social relationships
- Intergroup relations
- Group performance
- Desicion making
- Life satisfaction
- And many other social aspeccts of life.
自我理解，社会关系，群体间关系，群体表现，决策制定，生活满足感，以及社会生活的其他很多方面。
Lecture 1.3: Tour of Social Psych Network and Invitation to Join (11:31)
推荐Social Psychology Network。
Lecture 1.4: The Psychological Construction of Reality (12:39)
Change blindness 变化盲视
Change blindness is a surprising perceptual phenomenon that occurs when a change in a visual stimulus is introduced and the observer does not notice it.
变化盲视是指当观察者关注某个视觉刺激时，其它地方发生变化却不会注意到。
Motion aftereffect 运动后效
The motion aftereffect (MAE) is a visual illusion experienced after viewing a moving visual stimulus for a time (tens of milliseconds to minutes) with stationary eyes, and then fixating a stationary stimulus.
运动后效是指注视一个移动的视觉刺激并保持眼睛不动（几十毫秒到几分钟不等），一段时间后将眼睛注视到静止的物体上， 在大脑内产生的一种视觉错觉现象。
Lecture 1.5: Confirmation Bias (8:48)
Peter Wason's Four-Card Problem
Each card has a letter on one side and a number on the other.
If a card has a vowel on one side, then it has an even number on the other side.
每张卡片有一面是字母，有一面是数字。
如果一张卡片的一面是元音字母，那么它的另外一面就是偶数。
给定4张卡片：A，D，4，7
那么需要翻开A，7才能验证该命题是否为假。
因为原命题与逆否命题是等价的，因此需要同时验证A，7才能保证原命题为真。（若A的反面不是偶数，或7的反面是元音字母，则说明原命题为假。）
Confirmation bias 证实性偏见
A tendency to search for and weigh information that confirms one's preconceptions more strongly than information that challenges them.
人们普遍偏好能够验证假设的信息，而不是那些否定假设的信息。
Lecture 1.6: Self-Fulfilling Prophecies (11:51)
Self-fulfilling prophecy 自我实现预言
A belief that leads to its own fulfillment.
自我实现预言，又称自证预言，指人们先入为主的判断，无论其正确与否，都将或多或少的影响到人们的行为，以至于这个判断最后真的实现。
Pygmalion effect 皮革马利翁效应
The Pygmalion effect, or Rosenthal effect, is the phenomenon whereby higher expectations lead to an increase in performance.
皮格马利翁效应，指人在被付予更高期望以后，他们会表现的更好的一种现象。
Security dilemma 安全困境
The security dilemma, also referred to as the spiral model, is a term used in international relations and refers to a situation in which actions by a state intended to heighten its security, such as increasing its military strength or making alliances, can lead other states to respond with similar measures, producing increased tensions that create conflict, even when no side really desires it.
安全困境，也称为螺旋模型，是在国际关系中的术语，指在提高安全措施的行动时，如增加军事力量或结盟等，会导致其他国家应对类似措施，产生急剧冲突，然而任何一方可能都不想导致紧张局势加剧。
Behavioral Confirmation 行为确证
A type of self-fulfilling prophecy in which people's social
expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations.
行为确证 是 自我实现预言 的一种，是人们的社会期望导致他们表现出特定的行为，而这种行为又会令他人表现得符合他们的期望。
Lecture 1.7: Social Judgments in the Blink of an Eye (12:53)
A Study of Yearbook Photographs 黑白头像照预测以后是否为大律师
3 min marital interaction predicted which couples were divorced 6 years later. 124对新婚夫妇观看3分钟视频预测六年后的离婚情况
Can Thin Slices Predict Elections? 预测选举胜利
Which person is more competent? 1/4秒的时间预测
A 2008 study examined whether people could accurately judge sexual orientation based on photos alone. 2008年通过黑白头像照预测90位男子性取向的准确率高于随机预测的
Thin slice 薄片撷取
Thin-slicing is a term used in psychology and philosophy to describe the ability to find patterns in events based only on "thin slices," or narrow windows, of experience.
A meta-analysis is a statistical technique that combines and analyzes the results from different studies (literally, an analysis of analyses).
元分析是一种统计学技术，综合和分析不同研究的结果，顾名思义，元分析是对分析的分析。
Some Strengths and Weaknesses
- Social judgments can take place very rapidly, sometimes with surprising accuracy.
社会判断的产生非常迅速，有时比我们预想得要准确
- At the same time, they're prone to certain biases and distortions, and once our judgments are formed, we tend to lock into them.
同时，它们也容易受特定的偏见和歪曲影响，并且判断一旦形成，无论对错，我们倾向于锁定它。
并寻找支持性证据，而不会去怀疑已经形成的判断。
Lecture 1.8: What Other People Think of You (10:59)
The Human Zoo
对面试者的印象曲线
研究表明要纠正不好的第一印象，你要给人留下8次正面印象才行。
社会印象形成的速度极快。
The Social Challenge 社会挑战
peer-assessment
